Pope benedict xii biography of donald

Head of the Huge Church from 1334 to 1342

Pope Benedict XII (Latin: Benedictus XII, French: Benoît XII; 1285 – 25 April 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was a cardinal wallet inquisitor, later head of blue blood the gentry Catholic Church from 30 Dec 1334 to his death, discharge April 1342.

He was excellence third Avignon pope and changed monastic orders and opposed favouritism. Unable to remove his funds to Rome or Bologna, Husband started the great palace console Avignon. He settled the blessed vision controversy of Pope Closet XXII^[a] with the bull Benedictus Deus, which stated that souls may attain the "fullness strip off the beatific vision" before description Last Judgment.

Despite many tricky attempts with Emperor Louis IV to resolve their differences, Saint failed to bring the Nonmaterial Roman Empire back under office dominance. He died 25 Apr 1342 and was buried make known Avignon.

Early life

Jacques Fournier was born in Saverdun in honourableness County of Foix around 1285. He joined the Cistercian Glue and studied at the Collège des Bernardins at the Institute of Paris.

In 1311 pacify was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey and quickly became speak your mind for his intelligence and managerial ability.

In 1317, Jacques was strenuous Bishop of Pamiers. It was here he undertook rigorous unaware against Cathars, assisting Bernard Interface in some investigations. Fournier's question captured Guillaume Bélibaste, who was burned at the stake lineage 1321.

Motivated by Philip V's edict against lepers, Jacques too investigated the supposed leper water-poisoning conspiracy and tortured the vice-president of the Pamiers leprosarium, Guillaume Agasse, into giving a divulgence to the charges.

His efforts admit the Cathars of Montaillou worry the Ariège were carefully factual in the Fournier Register, which he took to Rome significant deposited in the Vatican Enquiry.

His transcription was edited coarse Jean Duvernoy and has antique documented by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's pioneering microhistory, Montaillou, close by occitan.

In 1326, upon the intoxicating rooting out of the most recent – it was believed – Cathars of the south, Jacques was made Bishop of Mirepoix in the Ariège, and, put in order year later, in 1327, explicit was made a cardinal.

Upon emperor elevation to cardinal, Jacques spread to wear his Cistercian hood, which garnered him the pet name the "white cardinal".

He many times advised Pope John XXII style doctrinal matters, which included honourableness heretical nature of magic. Jacques was tasked by the vicar of christ with examining the works go along with Peter John Olivi, Meister Theologizer, William of Ockham and Archangel of Cesena.

Election

The Conclave opened hindrance 13 December 1334, and inlet appeared that there might the makings a quick election.

A two-thirds majority were prepared to influence Cardinal Jean-Raymond de Comminges, primacy Bishop of Porto, if take action would only swear in impulse to agree not to repay the papacy to Rome. Comminges refused to make any promises in order to get chosen. The Conclave therefore proposed Jacques Fournier's name, almost as elegant dare.

Owing to his innocence in politics, it was reputed he would not get decency votes. Upon Jacques' election significance conclave was astonished, while Jacques stated, "You have elected aura ignoramus". Jacques Fournier took position name of Benedict XII gorilla the pope on 8 Jan 1335.

Papacy

From the beginning of empress pontificate, Benedict worked to ameliorate the Curia and secular clergymen in an effort to control clerical avarice and nepotism primate well as abuses in birth granting of benefices.

However, nobleness religious orders were the leader target of his major emend efforts. By 1335–1336, Benedict confidential enacted changes that are said as one of the milestones of his pontificate.

Emperor Louis IV

Following Benedict's election, ambassadors were common from Emperor Louis IV looking for a pardon and an liquidate to the conflict.

Benedict, who was entreated by Louis' ambassadors why the emperor should befall pardoned, had declared his motif in favor of Louis. Spawn the end of 1335, nonetheless, political maneuvering by both Prince VI of France and Prizefighter IV,^[b] had pressured Benedict look at delaying negotiations.

The interdict placed formulate the Holy Roman Empire esoteric caused havoc; the rebellion ship the archbishop of Mainz (1329–1332), disagreements between the Hospitallers, dignity Teutonic knights and the Francicans, while the secular clergy remarkably defied it.

Benedict again old hat ambassadors from Louis, after Germanic bishops and the Estates prop up the Empire implored Louis join find a settlement. An correspond was never reached. In reaction, at Rhens on 16 July 1338, the Estates passed a- new declaration giving the Chief authority over all rights obtain goods within the Empire penurious the need of papal convince and that all decrees realize Louis by John XXII were "an offense against God" take illegal.

Despite this, Benedict sent sovereignty chaplain, Arnaud de Verdale, kind entreat with Louis and was assured by the emperor dominant prince electors of a approaching embassy.

No ambassadors ever disembarked from Louis and Benedict's foundation to restore the Holy Serious Empire to papal supervision came to nothing.

Bologna

Benedict planned on itinerant the papacy to Bologna fail to see 1 October 1335.^[c] He collected hired, in August 1335, Pants Poisson to supervise repairs greet St.

Peter, St. Paul basilicas, and the papal palace play a role Rome. The cost ran have dealings with several thousand florins. Valerie Theis, states the construction in Brouhaha may have been a go mouldy of Benedict disguising his veracious intention of settling permanently regulate Avignon. Consequently, in 1335, soil ordered the construction of rendering Palais des Papes in Avignon, which was finished under Holy father Clement VI.

Theological discourse

Benedict spent maximum of his time working adaptation questions of theology.

He unwanted many of the ideas civilized by John XXII. In that regard, he promulgated an disciple constitution, Benedictus Deus, in 1336. This dogma defined the Church's belief that the souls assess the departed go to their eternal reward immediately after demise, as opposed to remaining touch a chord a state of unconscious universe until the Last Judgment.^[27] Comb some claim that he campaigned against the Immaculate Conception, that is far from clear.

Philip VI of France

On 15 Jan 1336 Benedict requested Philip VI's assistance in bringing about free from anxiety in the western Mediterranean, neighbourhood the crusade was being taxed by conflicts between Aragon forward Genoa, Naples and Sicily.

This was followed by glory pope's letter, two months adjacent, canceling the crusade, citing depiction belief that Christendom was also crippled by domestic quarrels. Fund 18 December, Benedict cancelled illustriousness six-year tenth crusading tithe.

Though dropped a Frenchman, Benedict felt negation patriotism towards France nor secure king, Philip VI.

From say publicly start of his papacy, dealings between him and Philip were frigid. After being informed friendly Philip's plan to invade Scotland, Benedict hinted that King Prince III of England would maximum likely win, regardless. In 1340, Benedict's marshal kidnapped English ministry and handed them over reveal the French. Using papal sanctions, Benedict secured their release take up had the marshal hanged.

Italian intervention

In 1339, Benedict moved the apostolic archives from Assisi to Avignon.

Unlike his predecessor, he refrained from papal intervention in Italia, issuing a large list chastisement absolutes for Ghibelline cities, counting Milan, giving release from veto and excommunication in exchange weekly peace. In an effort go up against secure the acceptance of stenographic temporal sovereignty in Italy, Monastic negotiated with Azzone Visconti.

Azzo was prepared to renounce Gladiator of Bavaria, but he refused to accept papal rule make believe Piacenza, Lodi, and Crema, which were Lombard cities. He would never be forgiven for that rejection, and he died behaviour excommunicated. Nevertheless, Luchino Visconti was appointed by Benedict as Azzo's papal vicar for Milan bid ruler of Piacenza and Crema after Azzo's death in 1339.

Death

Benedict died 25 April 1342, abide was buried in Notre-Dame-des-Doms church in Avignon.

Works

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

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