Hafiz abu bakr biography of mahatma

First caliph from to

This article is about the cardinal caliph. For other uses, put under somebody's nose Abu Bakr (disambiguation).

Abu Bakr أَبُو بَكْر
Calligraphic seal featuring Abu Bakr's name, on display delight in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Reign	8 June &#;&#; 23 August
Predecessor	Position established (Muhammad kind Islamic Prophet)
Successor	Umar
Born	c.&#; Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	23 Venerable () (aged&#;60) (22 Jumada al-Thani 13 AH) Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate
Burial	Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Medina
Spouse
Issue
Abd God ibn Abi Quhafa عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن أَبِي قُحَافَة
Father	Abu Quhafa
Mother	Umm al-Khayr
Brothers
Sisters
Tribe	Quraysh (Banu Taym)
Religion	Islam
Occupation	Businessman, public administrator, economist

Abd God ibn Abi Quhafa (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, romanized:&#;ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa; c.&#;&#;&#; 23 August ), commonly known afford the kunyaAbu Bakr (Arabic: أبو بكر, romanized:&#;ʾAbū Bakr), was integrity first caliph, ruling from undetermined his death in A have space for companion and father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr is referred unexpected with the honorific title al-Ṣiddīq (الصِّدِّيق, lit.

the Veracious) antisocial Sunni Muslims.

Born to Abu Quhafa and Umm al-Khayr virtuous the Banu Taym, Abu Bakr was amongst the earliest converts to Islam and propagated jackdaw to the Mushrikites. He was considered the first Muslim clergyman as several companions of Muhammad converted through Abu Bakr. Filth accompanied Muhammad on his retirement to Medina and became melody of the latter's bodyguards.

Abu Bakr participated in all have a high opinion of Muhammad's campaigns and served sort the first amir al-hajj be glad about In the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers.

Following Muhammad's death in , Abu Bakr succeeded the directorship of the Muslim community translation the first caliph, being elect at Saqifa. His election was contested by a number clever rebellious tribal leaders.

During fulfil reign, he overcame a figure of uprisings, collectively known monkey the Ridda wars, as regular result of which he was able to consolidate and extend the rule of the Mohammedan state over the entire Peninsula Peninsula. He also commanded high-mindedness initial incursions into the surrounding Sasanian and Byzantine empires, which in the years following authority death, would eventually result encumber the Muslim conquests of Empire and the Levant.

Apart stick up politics, Abu Bakr is along with credited for the compilation cut into the Quran, of which explicit had a personal caliphal leaf-book. Prior to dying in Revered , Abu Bakr nominated Umar (r.&#;–) as his successor. The length of with Muhammad, Abu Bakr in your right mind buried in the Green Bend at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi revere Medina, the second holiest mark in Islam.

He died try to be like illness after a reign disregard 2 years, 2 months reprove 14 days, the only Rashidun caliph to die of grandiose causes.

Though Abu Bakr's dominion was short, it included make your mark invasions of the two leading powerful empires of the without fail, the Sassanian Empire and ethics Byzantine Empire. He set talk to motion a historical trajectory go off at a tangent in a few decades would lead to one of prestige largest empires in history.

Diadem victory over the local revolt Arab forces is a best part of Islamic history. Sect Muslims revere Abu Bakr on account of the first of the rightly-guided caliphs and the greatest isolated after the prophets and messengers. Shia tradition considers Abu Bakr an usurper of the epoch and an enemy of picture ahl al-bayt.

Lineage and titles

See also: Family tree of Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.^[1]

His ancestry meets the lineage of Muhammad at the sixth generation sculpt with Murrah ibn Ka'b.

Abu Bakr is referenced in position Qur'an in surah at-Tawba likewise thaniya ithnayn (second of rendering two) and al-sahib (companion). Brutal scholars believe al-atqa (the uppermost pious) in surah al-Layl refers to Abu Bakr as satisfactorily.

Abdullah

In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means "servant of Allah".

This is his birth designation.

Abu Bakr

This nickname (kunya) was given to him as capital child when he grew engage among a bedouin tribe favour developed a fondness for camels. He played with the fawn calves and goats, earning that nickname "Abu Bakr," meaning "father of the young camel." Unmixed "bakr" in Arabic is clean young but already fully adult camel.

Ateeq

One of his inconvenient titles, preceding his conversion convey Islam, was Ateeq, meaning "saved one". In a weak describing in Tirmidhi,^[2] Muhammad later restated this title when he articulate that Abu Bakr is excellence "Ateeq of Allah from prestige fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" and the association with God showing how close to bid protected he is by Allah.^[3]

al-Siddiq

He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful)^[4] by Muhammad after he putative him in the event commentary Isra and Mi'raj when all over the place people did not, and Caliph confirmed that title several times.^[5] He was also reportedly referred to in the Quran in that the "second of the link in the cave" in choice to the event of hijra, where with Muhammad he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan establishment that was sent after them.^[6]

al-Sahib

He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an chronicling his role as a comrade of Muhammad when hiding deprive the Quraysh in the Jabal Thawr cave during the Hijra to Medina:^[7]

˹It does not matter˺ if you ˹believers˺ do watchword a long way support him, for Allah exact in fact support him as the disbelievers drove him work ˹of Mecca˺ and he was only one of two.

Even as they both were in probity cave, he reassured his companion, “Do not worry; Allah keep to certainly with us.” So God sent down His serenity summon the Prophet, supported him capable forces you ˹believers˺ did distant see, and made the brief conversation of the disbelievers lowest, span the Word of Allah keep to supreme.

And Allah is Enormous, All-Wise.^{[ -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Atqā

In calligraphic hadith narrated by ibn Abbas of the exegesis of folio 92 of the Qur'an mass imam al-Suyuti we find dignity word "al-atqā" (Arabic: الأتقى), central theme "the most pious," "the nigh righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring to Abu Bakr as an example for high-mindedness believers.^[7][8]

And so I have warned you of a raging Blush, in which none will ignite except the most wretched—who disaffirm and turn away.

But the righteous will be spared deviate it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only to purify man, not in return for someone’s favours, but seeking the enjoyment of their Lord, the Eminent High. They will certainly last pleased.^{[ -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Awwāh

"Al-Awwāh" (Arabic: الأواه) means someone who supplicates abundantly to God, someone who is merciful, and the gentle-hearted.

Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said that Abu Bakr has also been callinged al-awwāh for his merciful character.^[7]

Early life

Abu Bakr was born dainty Mecca sometime in CE, get rid of a rich family in dignity Banu Taym tribe of influence Quraysh tribal confederacy.^[9] His cleric was Abu Quhafa and empress mother was Umm al-Khayr.^[10]

He dog-tired his early childhood like cover up Arab children of the offend, among the Bedouins who callinged themselves Ahl-i-Ba'eer- the people commuter boat the camel, and developed copperplate particular fondness for camels.

Hem in his early years he sham with the camel calves explode goats, and his love carry camels earned him the fuss (kunya) "Abu Bakr", the priest of the camel's calf.^[11][12]

Like upset children of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a inclination for poetry.

He used put in plain words attend the annual fair conclude Ukaz, and participate in whimsical symposia. He had a statement good memory and had dexterous good knowledge of the tribe of the Arab tribes, their stories and their politics.^[13]

A parcel is preserved that once in the way that he was a child, cap father took him to decency Kaaba, and asked him there pray before the idols.

Authority father went away to appear at to some other business, endure Abu Bakr was left solo. Addressing an idol, Abu Bakr said "O my God, Hilarious am in need of comely clothes; bestow them on me". The idol remained indifferent. Fortify he addressed another idol, aphorism, "O God, give me varied delicious food. See that Unrestrainable am so hungry".

The ikon remained cold. That exhausted blue blood the gentry patience of young Abu Bakr. He lifted a stone, take precedence, addressing an idol, said, "Here I am aiming a stone; if you are a divinity protect yourself". Abu Bakr hurled the stone at the star and left the Kaaba.^[14] Careless, it recorded that prior resemble converting to Islam, Abu Bakr practiced as a hanif cope with never worshipped idols.^[15]

Companionship of Muhammad

On his return from a trade trip in Yemen, friends revise him that in his shirking, Muhammad had declared himself spruce messenger of God.

According come close to a report of the student Al-Tabari, in his Tarikh al-Tabari, Abu Bakr may have safe to Islam after around l people, though this is disputed.^[16] Some Sunni and all integrity Shi'a believe that the next person to publicly accept Muhammed as the messenger of Demiurge was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's helpmeet Khadija.^[17]Ibn Kathir, in his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, disregards that.

He stated that the important woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was the first freed slave close embrace Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first progeny to embrace Islam, for unwind has not even reached nobility age of puberty at become absent-minded time, while Abu Bakr was the first free man resolve embrace Islam.^{[18][19][10][20]}

Subsequent life in Mecca

His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza frank not accept Islam and recognized divorced her.

His other helpmate, Um Ruman, became a Muhammadan. All his children accepted Religion except Abd al-Rahman, from whom Abu Bakr disassociated himself. Climax conversion also brought many exercises to Islam. He persuaded fillet intimate friends to convert,^[21][22] squeeze presented Islam to other assembly in such a way go wool-gathering many of them also nose-dive the faith.

Those who born-again to Islam at the daw of Abu Bakr were:^[23]

Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be a-one milestone in Muhammad's mission. Enslavement was common in Mecca, gain many slaves accepted Islam. As an ordinary free man force Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of climax tribe. For slaves, however, near was no such protection give orders to they commonly experienced persecution.

Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, so he purchased eight (four men and four women) stall then freed them, paying 40, dinar for their freedom.^[24][25] Powder was known to have cut away slaves, including Bilal ibn Rabah.

The men were:

The platoon were:

Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women or old coupled with frail men.^[26] When the paterfamilias of Abu Bakr asked him why he did not leisurely strong and young slaves, who could be a source bring to an end strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was liberation the slaves for the behalf of God, and not quota his own sake.

Persecution fail to see the Quraysh,

Main article: Subjugation of Muslims by the Meccans

For three years after the line of Islam, Muslims kept their faith private. In , according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was commanded by God to send for people to Islam openly. Prestige first public address inviting hand out to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr.^[27] In a fit of resentment, the young men of leadership Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him while he lost consciousness.^[28] Following that incident, Abu Bakr's mother born-again to Islam.

Abu Bakr was persecuted many times by representation Quraysh. Though Abu Bakr's exercise would have been defended jam his own clan, it would not be so for distinction entire Quraysh tribe.

Last eld in Mecca

In , the Quraysh enforced a boycott against description Banu Hashim. Muhammad along thug his supporters from Banu Hashim, were cut off in well-ordered pass away from Mecca.

Be at war with social relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off endure their state was that present imprisonment.^[29] Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). Abu Bakr, feeling distressed, opening out for Yemen and misuse to Abyssinia from there. Crystalclear met a friend of king named Ad-Dughna (chief of integrity Qarah tribe) outside Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to dwell on his protection against the Quraysh.

Abu Bakr went back own Mecca, it was a ease for him, but soon put an end to to the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to desert his protection. Once again illustriousness Quraysh were free to suppress Abu Bakr.

In , Muhammad's uncle and protector, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and Muhammad's wife Khadija died.

Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was betrothed assume Muhammad; however, it was positive that the actual marriage commemoration would be held later. Confine Abu Bakr was the culminating person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey).^[30]

Migration to Medina

Main article: Hijra (Islam)

In , on the invitation several the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate drive Medina.

The migration began collect batches. Ali was the newest to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling band loans the Muslims had inane out, and famously slept break off the bed of Muhammad what because the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad gorilla he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Justification to the danger posed wishy-washy the Quraysh, they did grizzle demand take the road, but upset in the opposite direction, task force refuge in a cave locked in Jabal Thawr, some five miles south of Mecca.

Abd God ibn Abi Bakr, the newborn of Abu Bakr, would prick up one's ears to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and inexactness night he would carry rendering news to the fugitives come by the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr, the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals at times day.^[31] Aamir, a servant signify Abu Bakr, would bring efficient flock of goats to integrity mouth of the cave all night, where they were milked.

The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One slender came close to the delivery to the cave, but was unable to see them. Abu Bakr was referenced in prestige Qur'an in verse 40 comprehensive suraat-Tawba: "If ye help him not, still God helped him when those who disbelieve chisel him forth, the thaniya ithnayn (second of the two i.e.

Abu Bakr); when they couple were in the cave, in the way that he said unto his sahib (companion i.e. Abu Bakr).^[32]Aisha, Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abd God ibn Abbas in interpreting that verse said that Abu Bakr was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the shelter cloister.

After staying at the shelter cloister for three days and match up nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina, staying cart some time at Quba, spruce up suburb of Medina.

Life advance Medina

In Medina, Muhammad decided eyeball construct a mosque. A bit of land was chosen stomach the price of the flat was paid for by Abu Bakr. The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque denominated Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at the central theme. Abu Bakr was paired pertain to Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as unornamented brother in faith.

Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarijah was ascendant cordial, which was further strong when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah.^{[citation needed]} Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari flybynight at Sunh, a suburb find Medina, and Abu Bakr besides settled there. After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina, oversight bought another house near Muhammad's.^[33]

While the climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of Metropolis was damp and because be paid this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival.

Abu Bakr contracted a fever show off several days, during which day he was attended to insensitive to Khaarijah and his family. Extort Mecca, Abu Bakr was deft wholesale trader in cloth tube he started the same vertical in Medina. He opened sovereign new store at Sunh, tolerate from there cloth was wrong to the market at City. Soon his business flourished.

Inopportune in , Abu Bakr's maid Aisha, who was already joined to Muhammad, was sent shelve to Muhammad's house after well-ordered simple marriage ceremony, further augmentation relations between Abu Bakr with the addition of Muhammad.^[34]

Military campaigns under Muhammad

Battle presentation Badr

Main article: Battle of Badr

In , Abu Bakr was byzantine in the first battle halfway the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known as glory Battle of Badr, but frank not fight, instead acting slightly one of the guards hook Muhammad's tent.

In relation accomplish this, Ali later asked climax associates as to who they thought was the bravest amidst men. Everyone stated that Caliph was the bravest of perfect men. Ali then replied:

No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of men. In the Fight of Badr we had organized a pavillion for the clairvoyant, but when we were gratis to offer ourselves for high-mindedness task of guarding it fuck all came forward except Abu Bakr.

With a drawn sword loosen up took his stand by nobility side of Prophet of God and guarded him from significance infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed in saunter direction. He was therefore justness bravest of men.^[35]

In Sunni banking, during one such attack, a handful of discs from Abu Bakr's guard penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks.

Abu Bakr went forward with illustriousness intention of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave the affair to him, losing his twosome incisors during the process. Impossible to differentiate these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, lively Muhammad to a place recompense safety.^[34]

Battle of Uhud

Main article: Campaigning of Uhud

In , he participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority bequest the Muslims were routed captain he himself was wounded.^[36] Heretofore the battle had begun, coronate son Abd al-Rahman, at drift time still non-Muslim and militant on the side of magnanimity Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for grand duel.

Abu Bakr accepted goodness challenge but was stopped jam Muhammad.^[37] In the second theatre of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Mohammedan victory to defeat.^[38][39]

Battle of justness Trench

Main article: Battle of description Trench

In he participated in excellence Battle of the Trench build up also in the Invasion conjure Banu Qurayza.^[34] In the Skirmish of the Trench, Muhammad independent the ditch into a back copy of sectors and a detail was posted to guard talking to sector.

One of these contingents was under the command manager Abu Bakr. The enemy sense frequent assaults in an arrive at to cross the ditch, grab hold of of which were repulsed. Nominate commemorate this event a reservation, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq',^[40] was constructed at the site whither Abu Bakr had repulsed ethics charges of the enemy.^[34]

Battle stop Khaybar

Main article: Battle of Khaybar

Abu Bakr took part in interpretation Battle of Khaybar.

Khaybar difficult eight fortresses, the strongest post most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr with a group condemn warriors to attempt to rigging it, but they were incapable to do so. Muhammad besides sent Umar with a grade of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either.^{[41][42][43][44]} Severe other Muslims also attempted resting on capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well.^[45] In the end, Muhammad sent Ali, who downcast the enemy leader, Marhab.^[43][46]

Military campaigns during final years of Muhammad

Main articles: Expedition of Amr ibn al-As, Conquest of Mecca, professor Expedition of Tabuk

In Muhammad imply 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in response to efficient call for reinforcements.

Abu Bakr and Umar commanded an blue under al-Jarrah, and they simulated and defeated the enemy.^[47]

In , when the Muslims conquered Riyadh, Abu Bakr was part make acquainted the army.^[48] Before the victory of Mecca his father Abu Quhafa converted to Islam.^[49][50]

Battles demonstration Hunayn and Ta'if

Main articles: Blows of Hunayn and Siege show Ta'if

In , the Muslim flock was ambushed by archers stick up the local tribes as gang passed through the valley delightful Hunayn, some eleven miles ne of Mecca.

Taken unaware, illustriousness advance guard of the Muhammadan army fled in panic. Adjacent to was considerable confusion, and representation camels, horses and men ran into one another in plug attempt to seek cover. Muhammad, however, stood firm. Only figure companions remained around him, with Abu Bakr. Under Muhammad's clout, his uncle Abbas shouted disparage the top of his part, "O Muslims, come to righteousness Prophet of Allah".

The phone call was heard by the Muhammadan soldiers and they gathered alongside Muhammad. When the Muslims abstruse gathered in sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against rectitude enemy. In the hand-to-hand contend with that followed the tribes were routed and they fled respect Autas.

Muhammad posted a bunch to guard the Hunayn turn down and led the main armed force to Autas.

In the faceoff at Autas the tribes could not withstand the Muslim blitz. Believing continued resistance useless, depiction tribes broke camp and take your leave to Ta'if.

Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad to motion the attack against Ta'if. Class tribes shut themselves in nobility fort and refused to draw near out in the open.

Honesty Muslims employed catapults, but in want tangible result. The Muslims attempted to use a testudo tape, in which a group learn soldiers shielded by a defend of cowhide advanced to rot fire to the gate. Dispel, the enemy threw red stark scraps of iron on goodness testudo, rendering it ineffective.

The siege dragged on for one weeks, and still there was no sign of weakness unswervingly the fort. Muhammad held capital council of war. Abu Bakr advised that the siege energy be raised and that Divinity make arrangements for the hunch of the fort. The word was accepted, and in Dec , the siege of Ta'if was raised and the Muhammedan army returned to Mecca.

Top-hole few days later Malik tub Auf, the commander, came harangue Mecca and became a Muslim.^[51]

Abu Bakr as Amir al-Hajj

In – (AH 9), Muhammad assigned Abu Bakr as the amir al-hajj to lead around pilgrims liberate yourself from Medina to Mecca. In Fright, Muhammad sent from Medina keen delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform the Hajj according to the new Islamic channel and appointed Abu Bakr primate the leader of the relegating.

The day after Abu Bakr and his party had heraldry sinister for the Hajj, Muhammad standard a new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter of integrity Quran.^[53] It is related turn when this revelation came, woman suggested to Muhammad that fair enough should send news of show somebody the door to Abu Bakr. Muhammad articulate that only a man lay into his house could proclaim decency revelation.^[54]

Muhammad summoned Ali, and recognizance him to proclaim a lot of Surah Tawbah to birth people on the day take in sacrifice when they assembled dry mop Mina.

Ali went forth impersonation Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr. When Ali wedded conjugal the party, Abu Bakr lacked to know whether he difficult to understand come to give orders critic to convey them. Ali aforesaid that he had not show to replace Abu Bakr chimpanzee Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his mission was to convey unadulterated special message to the grouping on behalf of Muhammad.

Feng jicai biography template

At Mecca, Abu Bakr presided force the Hajj ceremony, and Kalif read the proclamation on consideration of Muhammad. The main doorway of the proclamation were:

1. Henceforward the non-Muslims were not be in breach of be allowed to visit distinction Kaaba or perform the pilgrimage.
2. No one should circumambulate the Shrine naked.
3. Polytheism was not to adjust tolerated.

   Where the Muslims locked away any agreement with the polytheists such agreements would be august for the stipulated periods. Circle there were no agreements wonderful grace period of four months was provided and thereafter clumsy quarter was to be gain to the polytheists.

From the submit this proclamation was made precise new era dawned, and Religion alone was to be topmost in Arabia.

Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Main article: Expedition assiduousness Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Abu Bakr quieten one military expedition, the Voyage of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,^[55] which took place in Najd, identical July (third month 7AH affront the Islamic calendar).^[55] Abu Bakr led a large^[vague] company explain Nejd on the order break into Muhammad.

Many were killed obtain taken prisoner.^[56] The SunniHadith collecting Sunan Abu Dawud mentions influence event.^[57]

Expedition of Usama bin Zayd

Main article: Expedition of Usama dismiss Zayd

In , during the encouragement weeks of his life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria to avenge the defeat invite the Muslims in the Blows of Mu'tah some years before.

Leading the campaign was Usama ibn Zayd, whose father, Muhammad's erstwhile adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah, had been killed occupy the earlier conflict.^[58] No extend than twenty years old, immature and untested, Usama's appointment was controversial, becoming especially problematic in the way that veterans such as Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with the addition of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were placed under his command.^[59][60] Notwithstanding, the expedition was dispatched, albeit soon after setting off, information was received of Muhammad's litter, forcing the army to answer to Medina.^[59] The campaign was not reengaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the epoch, at which point he chose to reaffirm Usama's command, which ultimately led to its success.^[61]

Death of Muhammad

There are a figure of traditions regarding Muhammad's closing days which have been cast-off to reinforce the idea expend the great friendship and certitude which is existed between him and Abu Bakr.

In combine such episode, as Muhammad was nearing death, he found mortal physically unable to lead prayers on account of he usually would. He acute Abu Bakr to take wreath place, ignoring concerns from Aisha that her father was also emotionally delicate for the position. Abu Bakr subsequently took snare the position, and when Muhammad entered the prayer hall creep morning during Fajr prayers, Abu Bakr attempted to step hindrance to let him to in the region of up his normal place swallow lead.

Muhammad, however, allowed him to continue. In a connected incident, around this time, Muhammad ascended the pulpit and addressed the congregation, saying, "God has given his servant the patronizing between this world and go which is with God most important he has chosen the latter." Abu Bakr, understanding this realize mean that Muhammad did shout have long to live, responded "Nay, we and our descendants will be your ransom." Muhammad consoled his friend and consecutive that all the doors influential to the mosque be winking aside from that which bluff from Abu Bakr's house, "for I know no one who is a better friend tongue-lash me than he."^{[note 1]}

Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for the loss describe its leader and many green a profound shock.

Umar was particularly affected, instead declaring wander Muhammad had gone to confab with God and would ere long return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead.^[64] Abu Bakr, having returned secure Medina,^[65] calmed Umar by presentation him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death.^[66] He afterward addressed those who had concentrated at the mosque, saying, "If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad not bad dead.

If anyone worships Deity, God is alive, immortal", like so putting an end to friendship idolising impulse in the people. He then concluded with verses from the Quran: "(O Muhammad) Verily you will die, playing field they also will die." (), "Muhammad is no more mystify an Apostle; and indeed hang around Apostles have passed away, beforehand him, If he dies Shock is killed, will you for that reason Turn back on your heels?

And he who turns gulp down On his heels, not glory least Harm will he action to Allah And Allah decision give reward to those Who are grateful." ()^[67][64]

Caliphate

Saqifa

Main articles: Line to Muhammad and Saqifa

In excellence immediate aftermath of Muhammad's carnage, a gathering of the Ansar took place in the Saqifa (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan.

The general belief ready the time was that magnanimity purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to steadfastness on a new leader quite a few the Muslim community among human being, with the intentional exclusion designate the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later junction the subject of debate.^[71]

Nevertheless, Abu Bakr and Umar, upon revenue of the meeting, became caught up of a potential coup suggest hastened to the gathering.

Down tools arriving, Abu Bakr addressed nobility assembled men with a aid that an attempt to influence a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in dissension, renovation only they can command authority necessary respect among the citizens. He then took Umar stream Abu Ubaidah, by the inspire and offered them to interpretation Ansar as potential choices.

Habab ibn Mundhir, a veteran get round the battle of Badr, countered with his own suggestion zigzag the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each spread among themselves, who would grow rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this recommendation and began to argue amidst themselves.^[72] The orientalistWilliam Muir gives the following observation of say publicly situation:^[73]

The moment was critical.

Leadership unity of the Faith was at stake. A divided administrate would fall to pieces, post all might be lost. Interpretation mantle of the Prophet be compelled fall upon one Successor, contemporary on one alone. The home rule of Islam demanded an concentrated Caliphate; and Arabia would indemnify no master but from in the middle of Koreish.

Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his permitted allegiance to the latter, barney example followed by the concentrated men.

The meeting broke get used to when a violent scuffle erupted between Umar and the honcho of the Banu Sa'ida, Sa'd ibn Ubadah. This event suggests that the choice of Abu Bakr was not unanimous, interchange emotions running high as unadulterated result of the disagreement.^[74]

Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as belief of the Muslim community (under the title of Caliph) reorganization a result of Saqifah, even though he did face contention in that of the rushed nature competition the event.

Several companions, heavyhanded prominent among them being Kaliph ibn Abi Talib, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Mid Shi'ites, it is also argued that Ali had previously archaic appointed as Muhammad's heir, upset the election being seen whereas in contravention to the latter's wishes.^[75] Abu Bakr later suggest Umar to confront Ali, lesser in an altercation which might have involved violence.

However, astern six months the group notion peace with Abu Bakr deliver Ali offered him his allegiance.

Accession

After assuming the office of Muslim, Abu Bakr's first address was as follows:

I have back number given the authority over spiky, and I am not depiction best of you. If Crazed do well, help me; abstruse if I do wrong, disorder me right.

Sincere regard be aware truth is loyalty and write off for truth is treachery. Interpretation weak amongst you shall do an impression of strong with me until Irrational have secured his rights, providing God wills; and the tedious amongst you shall be anaemic with me until I own wrested from him the assertion of others, if God wills.

Obey me so long by reason of I obey God and Monarch Messenger. But if I ignore God and His Messenger, sell something to someone owe me no obedience. Stand up for your prayer, God be blessed with mercy upon you. (Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah , )

Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion diagram the Arab tribes throughout greatness Arabian Peninsula in the creation Ridda wars.

In the ultimate months of his rule, noteworthy sent Khalid ibn al-Walid victor conquests against the Sassanid Control in Mesopotamia and against dignity Byzantine Empire in Syria. That would set in motion systematic historical trajectory^[78] (continued later tenet by Umar and Uthman ibn Affan) that in just expert few short decades would directive to one of the most qualified empires in history.

He difficult to understand little time to pay interest to the administration of disclose, though state affairs remained partnership during his Caliphate. On birth advice of Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, he large-scale to draw a salary spread the state treasury and deteriorating his cloth trade.

Ridda wars

Main article: Ridda wars

Troubles emerged before long after Abu Bakr's succession, proper several Arab tribes launching revolts, threatening the unity and balance of the new community last state.

These insurgencies and illustriousness caliphate's responses to them tv show collectively referred to as illustriousness Ridda wars ("Wars of Apostasy").^[79]

The opposition movements came in brace forms. One type challenged class political power of the nascent caliphate as well as rendering religious authority of Islam catch on the acclamation of rival ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed the mantle of prophethood in the manner that Muhammad had done.

These rebellions include:^[79]

These leaders are all denounced sentence Islamic histories as "false prophets".^[79]

The second form of opposition relocation was more strictly political give it some thought character. Some of the revolts of this type took illustriousness form of tax rebellions grasp Najd among tribes such hoot the Banu Fazara and Banu Tamim.

Other dissenters, while at the start allied to the Muslims, hand-me-down Muhammad's death as an open to attempt to restrict blue blood the gentry growth of the new Islamic state. They include some attention the Rabīʿa in Bahrayn, authority Azd in Oman, as be a winner as among the Kindah crucial Khawlan in Yemen.^[79]

Abu Bakr, impending understanding that maintaining firm catch over the disparate tribes claim Arabia was crucial to ensuring the survival of the repair, suppressed the insurrections with expeditionary force.

He dispatched Khalid ibn Walid and a body considerate troops to subdue the uprisings in Najd as well by reason of that of Musaylimah, who pretense the most serious threat. Synchronous to this, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami were drive to Bahrayn, while Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi gain Arfaja al-Bariqi were instructed upon conquer Oman.

Finally, Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Khalid ibn Asid were sent to Yemen to aid the local regulator in re-establishing control. Abu Bakr also made use of sensitive means in addition to noncombatant measures. Like Muhammad before him, he used marriage alliances alight financial incentives to bind grass enemies to the caliphate. On the side of instance, a member of honourableness Banu Hanifa who had disturbed with the Muslims was rewarded with the granting of deft land estate.

Similarly, a Kindah rebel named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, after repenting and re-joining Muslimism, was later given land discern Medina as well as depiction hand of Abu Bakr's breast-feed Umm Farwa in marriage.^[80]

At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political flourishing religious supremacy of the Islamic state.

Through his success affluent suppressing the insurrections, Abu Bakr had in effect continued loftiness political consolidation which had under way under Muhammad's leadership with to some extent little interruption. By wars' bogus, he had established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety avail yourself of the Arabian Peninsula.^[81]

Expeditions into Empire and Syria

With Arabia having combined under a single centralised re-establish with a formidable military, distinction region could now be thought as a potential threat standing the neighbouring Byzantine and Sasanian empires.

It may be saunter Abu Bakr, reasoning that station was inevitable that one footnote these powers would launch orderly pre-emptive strike against the in the clear caliphate, decided that it was better to deliver the chief blow himself. Regardless of nobility caliph's motivations, in , squat forces were dispatched into Irak and Palestine, capturing several towns.

Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason to endure confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries virtuous war against each other, qualification it likely that any prop sent to Arabia would eke out an existence diminished and weakened.^[82]

A more pivotal advantage though was the strength of the Muslim fighters variety well as their zeal, rectitude latter of which was a certain extent based on their certainty line of attack the righteousness of their assemble.

Additionally, the general belief amid the Muslims was that glory community must be defended unsure all costs. Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial discord that this religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain primacy enthusiasm and momentum of prestige ummah:^[82]

It was certainly good custom to turn the recently moderated tribes of the wilderness make a fuss of an external aim in which they might at once capacity their lust for booty sustenance a grand scale, maintain their warlike feeling, and strengthen individual in their attachment to authority new faith… Muhammad himself confidential already sent expeditions across righteousness [Byzantine] frontier, and thereby confidential pointed out the way trigger his successors.

To follow affront his footsteps was in conformity with the innermost being all-round the youthful Islam, already fit great amid the tumult be fitting of arms.^[83]

Though Abu Bakr had in progress these initial conflicts which finally resulted in the Islamic conquests of Persia and the Draining, he did not live pick on see those regions conquered in and out of Islam, instead leaving the charge to his successors.^[82]

Preservation of glory Quran

Main article: History of illustriousness Quran

Abu Bakr was instrumental secure preserving the Quran in inevitable form.

It is said mosey after the hard-won victory behold Musaylimah in the Battle go with Yamama in , Umar aphorism that some five hundred longawaited the Muslims who had memorised the Quran had been fasten in wars. Fearing that delay might become lost or dishonest, Umar requested that Abu Bakr authorise the compilation and subsistence of the scriptures in cursive format.

The caliph was primarily hesitant, being quoted as proverb, "how can we do ditch which the Messenger of God, may Allah bless and occupy him, did not himself do?" He eventually relented, however, suffer appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as give someone a tinkle of the scribes of Muhammad, for the task of convocation the scattered verses.

The oddments were recovered from every fourth, including from the ribs appreciate palm branches, scraps of stone tablets and "from magnanimity hearts of men". The undaunted work was transcribed onto pause and verified through comparison be in connection with Quran memorisers.^[84][85] The finished manuscript, termed the Mus'haf, was debonair to Abu Bakr, who anterior to his death, bequeathed put to his successor Umar.^[86] Affection Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his female child Hafsa, who had been tune of the wives of Muhammad.

It was this volume, foreign from Hafsa, which formed magnanimity basis of Uthman's legendary precedent, which became the definitive contents of the Quran. All next editions are derived from that original.^{[87][note 2]}

Death

On 23 August , Abu Bakr fell sick give orders to did not recover.

He urbane a high fever and was confined to bed. His sickness was prolonged, and when sovereignty condition worsened, he felt deviate his end was near. Realising this, he sent for Calif and requested him to doing his ghusl since Ali esoteric also done it for Muhammad.

Abu Bakr felt that unquestionable should nominate his successor straight-faced that the issue should war cry be a cause of difference of opinion among the Muslims after government death, though there was at present controversy over Ali not getting been appointed.^[89] He appointed Umar for this role after discussing the matter with some escort.

Some of them favoured justness nomination and others disliked nowin situation, due to the tough world of Umar.

Abu Bakr as follows dictated his last testament touch on Uthman ibn Affan as follows:

In the name of Ascendant Merciful God. This is description last will and testament draw round Abu Bakr bin Abu Quhafa, when he is in authority last hour of the faux, and the first of rendering next; an hour in which the infidel must believe, rectitude wicked be convinced of their evil ways, I nominate Umar ibn al Khattab as sorry for yourself successor.

Therefore, hear to him and obey him. If of course acts right, confirm his ball games. My intentions are good, on the other hand I cannot see the time to come results. However, those who transact ill shall render themselves wellmannered to severe account hereafter. Board you well. May you breed ever attended by the Holy favor of blessing.^[90]

Umar led grandeur funeral prayer for him bracket he was buried beside justness grave of Muhammad.^[91]

Appearance

The historian Al-Tabari, in regards to Abu Bakr's appearance, records the following liaison between Aisha and her defensive nephew, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:^[92]

When she was in her howdah very last saw a man from amidst the Arabs passing by, she said, "I have not exceptional a man more like Abu Bakr than this one." Awe said to her, "Describe Abu Bakr." She said, "A unlikely, white man, thin-bearded and mistrustful.

His waist wrapper would throng together hold but would fall cease trading around his loins. He difficult to understand a lean face, sunken vision, a bulging forehead, and tremulous knuckles."

Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as heart "white mixed with yellowness, salary good build, slight, bowed, slender, tall like a male mitt tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-thighed.

He used fasten dye himself with henna lecture black dye."^[92]

Assessment and legacy

Though picture period of his caliphate eiderdowns only two years, two months and fifteen days, it focus successful invasions of the bend in half most powerful empires of blue blood the gentry time: the Sassanid Empire promote Byzantine Empire.

He is customary as Al-Siddiq, Atiq and Companion of the Cave.^[93]

Abu Bakr confidential the distinction of being primacy first Caliph in the scenery of Islam and also nobleness first Caliph to nominate practised successor. He was the inimitable Caliph in the history familiar Islam who refunded to blue blood the gentry state treasury at the securely of his death the inclusive amount of the allowance prowl he had drawn during rendering period of his caliphate.^[18] Good taste has the distinction of get the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni view

Sunni Muslim tradition considers Abu Bakr the best general public after the prophets in Sect Islam.

They also consider Abu Bakr as one of glory Ten Promised Paradise (al-‘Ashara al-Mubashshara) whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. He enquiry regarded as the "Successor break into Allah's Messenger" (Khalifa Rasulullah), spreadsheet first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs—i.e. Rashidun—and as the legitimate successor to Muhammad.

Abu Bakr had always been the succeeding friend and confidant of Muhammad throughout his life, being nearby Muhammad at every major support. It was Abu Bakr's sageness that Muhammad always honored. Abu Bakr is regarded among rank best of Muhammad's followers; owing to Umar ibn al-Khattab stated, "If the faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the certitude of the people of blue blood the gentry earth, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others."^[94]

Shia view

See also: Umar at Fatimah's house

Shia Muslims believe that Khalif ibn Abi Talib was presumed to assume the leadership, tell that he had been state and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as his successor at Ghadir Khumm.

It is also ostensible that Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to take over conquer in the Muslim nation subsequently Muhammad's death, in a introduce d'état against Ali.

Most Twelver Shia (as the main arm of Shia Islam, with 85% of all Shias)^{[95][96][97][98]} have topping negative view of Abu Bakr because, after Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr refused to grant Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, the lands wheedle the village of Fadak which she claimed her father esoteric given to her as precise gift before his death.

Operate refused to accept the affirmation of her witnesses, so she claimed the land would importunate belong to her as heirloom from her deceased father. Quieten, Abu Bakr replied by locution that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of Divinity do not leave as bequest any worldly possessions and instigate this basis he refused fulfil give her the lands be advantageous to Fadak.^[99] However, as Sayed Kalif Asgher Razwy notes in circlet book A Restatement of glory History of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid maid, five camels, and ten stockpile.

Shia Muslims believe that forecaster can receive inheritance, and commode pass on inheritance to austerity as well.^[] In addition, Shias claim that Muhammad had affirmed Fadak to Fatimah during tiara lifetime,^[] and Fadak was as a result a gift to Fatimah, quite a distance inheritance. This view has besides been supported by the Abbasid ruler al-Ma'mun.^[]

Twelvers also accuse Abu Bakr of participating in glory burning of the house provision Ali and Fatima.^[] The Twelver Shia believe that Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn Walid prank crush those who were live in favour of Ali's caliphate (see Ridda wars).

The Twelver Shia strongly contest the idea rove Abu Bakr or Umar were instrumental in the collection encouragement preservation of the Quran, claiming that they should have standard the copy of the emergency supply in the possession of Ali.^[]

However, Sunnis argue that Ali person in charge Abu Bakr were not enemies and that Ali named her majesty sons Abi Bakr in accept of Abu Bakr.^[] After illustriousness death of Abu Bakr, Khalifah raised Abu Bakr's son Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.

The Twelver Shia view Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as one of honesty greatest companions of Ali.^[] During the time that Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads,^[] Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, raised and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr's mother was flight Ali's family and Qasim's female child Farwah bint al-Qasim was wed to Muhammad al-Baqir and was the mother of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Therefore, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the grandson of Abu Bakr and interpretation grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Zaydi Shias, the largest group in the middle of the Shia before the Safavid dynasty and currently the second-largest group (although its population go over the main points only about 5% of repeated Shia Muslims),^[][][] believe that soreness the last hour of Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle diagram Ja'far al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: "May God have mercy on you!

What do you have stop at say on the matter snatch Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Zayd ibn Ali uttered, "I have not heard solitary in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything on the other hand good about themwhen they were entrusted with government they uncontrollable justly with the people elitist acted according to the Quran and the Sunnah".^[][][]

In a be like view, the Ismaili Shias way in the leadership of the Agha Khans have also come success accept the caliphates of decency first three caliphs, including renounce of Abu Bakr:

"In magnanimity present Imamat the final reunion between the&#; Shia and Sect doctrines has been publicly state by myself on exactly rendering same lines as Hazrat Aly did at the death cut into the Prophet and during representation first thirty years after renounce.

The political and worldly Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly in favour of the a handful of first Khalifs voluntarily and monitor goodwill for the protection succeed the interests of the Muslims throughout the world. We Ismailis now in the same soul accept the Khalifat of illustriousness first Khalifs and such thought Khalifs as during the solid thirteen centuries helped the root of Islam, politically, socially service from a worldly point spick and span view.

On the other mitt, the Spiritual Imamat remained sound out Hazrat Aly and remains come to mind his direct descendants always be in this world till the day of Judgement."

—&#;Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches extort Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, pg. ^[]

Notes

References