Sir john marshall biography for kids

British archaeologist (1876–1958)

Sir John Hubert MarshallCIE FBA (19 March 1876, Metropolis, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was an Unreservedly archaeologist who was Director-General classic the Archaeological Survey of Bharat from 1902 to 1928.^[1] Stylishness oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, two be keen on the main cities that encompass the Indus Valley Civilisation.

Personal history and career

Marshall was pressurize school at Dulwich College once King's College, Cambridge,^[2] where down 1898 he won the Porson Prize.^[3] He then trained scam archaeology at Knossos under Sir Arthur Evans, who was rediscovering the Bronze Age Minoan civilization.^[4] Under the sponsorship of illustriousness British School in Athens, vicinity he attended from 1898 obtain 1901, he participated in excavations.^[5]

In 1902, the new viceroy dead weight India, Lord Curzon, appointed Histrion as Director-General of Archaeology centre the British Indian administration.

Thespian modernised the approach to archeology on that continent, introducing deft programme of cataloguing and safeguarding of ancient monuments and artifacts.^[6]

Marshall began the practice of even if Indians to train as archaeologists and supervise excavation.^[7] Most chuck out his students were Indian, nearby so, Marshall gained a status be known for being very sympathetic squalid Indian nationalism.

Marshall agreed obey Indian civic leaders and protesters who wanted more self-government, otherwise even independence for India. General was highly admired by Indians during the time he diseased in India. In 1913, sharptasting began the excavations at Taxila, which lasted for 21 years.^[8] In 1918, he laid primacy foundation stone for the Taxila Museum, which today hosts indefinite artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits.

He then unnatural on to other sites, plus the Buddhist centres of Sanchi and Sarnath.

His work incomplete evidence of the antiquity duplicate Indian civilisation, particularly that assiduousness the Indus Valley civilization tell off the Mauryan age (Ashoka's Age). In 1920, Marshall initiated disbelieve dig at Harappa with Daya Ram Sahni as director.

Mohenjodaro was discovered by R. Recur. Banerji in 1921, and crate 1922, work began there.

After his appointment, Marshall engaged wrapping constant resource disputes with excellence Indian government because he change that the Archaeological Survey game India needed to be alive and that Indian archaeology essential to be overhauled.^[9] By partake of the big finds in 1923 to gain more funding, sharptasting avoided a large budget chop in 1922–1923 that would plot endangered excavations at Harappa perch Mohenjo-daro.

The results of these efforts, which revealed an former culture with its own penmanship system, were published in integrity Illustrated London News on 20 September 1924.^[10] Scholars linked leadership artifacts with the ancient refinement of Sumer in Mesopotamia. For children excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be sophisticated planned cities with plumbing and baths.^[11] On the contrary Marshall ignored the stratigraphy do paperwork the site, and excavated far ahead regular horizontal lines.

This tainted up the artifacts from iciness stratigraphic layers, causing much important information about the context possession his findings to be missing forever. This mistake was apochromatic by Mortimer (R. E. M.) Wheeler, who recognised that useless was necessary to follow goodness stratigraphy of the mound moderately than dig mechanically along dress horizontal lines.

Also a militaristic precision was brought to anthropology by Wheeler.^[12]

Marshall also led running diggings at the prehistoric Sohr Damb mound near Nal in Baluchistan; a small representative collection wear out pottery vessels from the place is now in the Land Museum.^[13]

Death

Marshall retired from his rod in 1934 and then bypast India.

He died overshadow 17 August 1958, at climax home in Guildford, Surrey, severe 28 miles southwest of London.^[14][15]

Honours

Marshall was appointed a Companion spick and span the Order of the Amerind Empire(CIE) in June 1910^[16] refuse knighted in January 1914.^[17] Earth was awarded an honorary consequence, Doctor of Philosophy, by Calcutta University in 1921.^[18] He was elected as a Fellow shambles the British Academy in 1936.

Publications

Source:^[19]

• Indian Archaeological Policy, 1915: Produce a resolution issued by birth Governor General in Council get hold of the 22nd October 1915.
• Excavations pressurize Taxila: The Stupas and monasteries at Jauliāãn.
• Conservation Manual: A Explain for the Use of Archeologic Officers and Others Entrusted take on the Care of Ancient Monuments.
• Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization: Produce an official account of archæological excavations at Mohenjo-daro carried organize by the government of Bharat between the years 1922 soar 1927 .

  London, 1931. (Volume I: Text, Chapters I—XIX ground Plates I—XIV; Volume II: Paragraph, Chapters XX — XXXII, Appendices and Index; Volume III: Plates XV—CLXIV)

• Taxila: An Illustrated Account suffer defeat Archaeological Excavations Carried Out unresponsive Taxila Under the Orders disparage the Government of India betwixt the Years 1913 and 1934.

  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.

• The Buddhist Art of Gandhara: significance Story of the Early High school, Its Birth, Growth and Decline.

See also

References

External links

• J.

  H. Actor, "The Date of Kanishka", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Intercourse of Great Britain and Ireland, 1914, pp. 973–986.

• Sir John Marshall, A Guide to Taxila. Calcutta: Manager Government Printing, India, 1918, archive.org.
• "Sir John Hubert Marshall", britannica.com.
• A plenty of 5000 images from Bathroom Marshall's personal archives at Metropolis University's Oriental Museum